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1.
Rev. méd. Minas Gerais ; 32: 32405, 2022.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1391416

ABSTRACT

Introdução: O enfisema pulmonar congênito (EPC) é uma doença rara, possuindo uma incidência de 1:20-30 mil nascimentos, é mais comum no sexo masculino do que no feminino, em uma razão de 3:1 e sua etiologia permanece desconhecida. Um terço dos casos são sintomáticos ao nascer e praticamente todos são diagnosticados nos primeiros seis meses de vida. Relato de Caso: Recém-nascido (RN) do sexo masculino, evoluiu com desconforto respiratório precoce, sendo encaminhado ao centro de terapia intensiva. Após uso de continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) e cateter nasal de oxigênio de 12 horas, resultou em bom padrão respiratório e boa saturação. Após realização de tomografia computadorizada, foi diagnosticado o EPC. Conclusão: O EPC é uma patologia rara e deve ser suspeitado em RN com desconforto respiratório, atribuindo-se importância aos vários diagnósticos diferenciais possíveis. Apesar da etiologia incerta, é de fácil diagnóstico e possui opções de manejo clínico e cirúrgico.


Introduction: Congenital pulmonary emphysema (EPC) is a rare disease, with an incidence of 1:20-30 thousand births, it is more common in males than in females, in a ratio of 3:1 and its etiology remains unknown. One third of the cases are symptomatic at birth and practically all are diagnosed in the first six months of life. Case Report: Newborn (NB) male, developed early respiratory distress, being referred to the intensive care unit. After using continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and a 12-hour oxygen nasal catheter, it resulted in a good breathing pattern and good saturation. After performing computed tomography, EPC was diagnosed. Conclusion: EPC is a rare pathology and should be suspected in newborns with respiratory distress, with importance being given to the various possible differential diagnoses. Despite its uncertain etiology, it is easy to diagnose and has options for clinical and surgical management.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Infant, Newborn , Pulmonary Emphysema/congenital , Pulmonary Emphysema/diagnosis , Pulmonary Emphysema/complications , Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn/complications , Tomography Scanners, X-Ray Computed , Diagnosis, Differential
2.
Autops. Case Rep ; 7(3): 44-49, July.-Sept. 2017. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-905326

ABSTRACT

Pulmonary placental transmogrification (PT) is a rare entity with less than 40 cases reported in the literature. Most reported cases are associated with either bullous emphysema or with pulmonary fibrochondromatous hamartomas. We present only the second case of PT associated with adenocarcinoma of the lung. A 67-year-old female with multiple chronic medical ailments presented with shortness of breath and was found to have a 6-cm mass in the upper lobe of her right lung. A computed tomography (CT) guided core biopsy was performed that showed a well-differentiated adenocarcinoma. Interestingly the normal lung tissue showed placental villous architecture. A unique feature of our case is that the diagnosis was made on a needle core biopsy, unlike all the other cases in the literature. We also provide a comprehensive review of this rare entity.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Aged , Adenocarcinoma/complications , Biopsy, Needle , Hamartoma/diagnosis , Lung Neoplasms/diagnosis , Pulmonary Emphysema/diagnosis , Diagnosis, Differential , Lung Injury/pathology , Rare Diseases/pathology , Solitary Pulmonary Nodule/diagnosis
3.
J. bras. pneumol ; 41(6): 489-495, Nov.-Dec. 2015. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-769778

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact that the distribution of emphysema has on clinical and functional severity in patients with COPD. METHODS: The distribution of the emphysema was analyzed in COPD patients, who were classified according to a 5-point visual classification system of lung CT findings. We assessed the influence of emphysema distribution type on the clinical and functional presentation of COPD. We also evaluated hypoxemia after the six-minute walk test (6MWT) and determined the six-minute walk distance (6MWD). RESULTS: Eighty-six patients were included. The mean age was 65.2 ± 12.2 years, 91.9% were male, and all but one were smokers (mean smoking history, 62.7 ± 38.4 pack-years). The emphysema distribution was categorized as obviously upper lung-predominant (type 1), in 36.0% of the patients; slightly upper lung-predominant (type 2), in 25.6%; homogeneous between the upper and lower lung (type 3), in 16.3%; and slightly lower lung-predominant (type 4), in 22.1%. Type 2 emphysema distribution was associated with lower FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC ratio, and DLCO. In comparison with the type 1 patients, the type 4 patients were more likely to have an FEV1 < 65% of the predicted value (OR = 6.91, 95% CI: 1.43-33.45; p = 0.016), a 6MWD < 350 m (OR = 6.36, 95% CI: 1.26-32.18; p = 0.025), and post-6MWT hypoxemia (OR = 32.66, 95% CI: 3.26-326.84; p = 0.003). The type 3 patients had a higher RV/TLC ratio, although the difference was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: The severity of COPD appears to be greater in type 4 patients, and type 3 patients tend to have greater hyperinflation. The distribution of emphysema could have a major impact on functional parameters and should be considered in the evaluation of COPD patients.


RESUMO OBJETIVO: Avaliar o impacto que a distribuição do enfisema tem na gravidade clínica e funcional em pacientes com DPOC. MÉTODOS: A distribuição do enfisema foi analisada em pacientes com DPOC, que foram classificados de acordo com um sistema de classificação visual de cinco pontos a partir de achados de TC de tórax. Avaliou-se a influência do tipo de distribuição do enfisema na apresentação funcional e clínica da DPOC. Hipoxemia após o teste da caminhada de seis minutos (TC6) foi também avaliada e a distância percorrida (DTC6) foi determinada. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 86 pacientes. A média de idade foi de 65,2 ± 12,2 anos, 91,9% eram homens, e todos menos um eram fumantes (média de carga tabágica, 62,7 ± 38,4 anos-maço). A distribuição do enfisema foi categorizada como obviamente predominante no pulmão superior (tipo 1), em 36,0% dos pacientes; levemente predominante no pulmão superior (tipo 2), em 25,6%; homogêneo entre o pulmão superior e inferior (tipo 3), em 16,3%; e levemente predominante no pulmão inferior (tipo 4), em 22,1%. A distribuição do enfisema do tipo 2 foi associada a menores valores de VEF1, CVF, relação VEF1/CVF e DLCO. Em comparação com os pacientes do tipo 1, os do tipo 4 apresentaram maior probabilidade de ter VEF1 < 65% do previsto (OR = 6,91, IC95%: 1,43-33,45; p = 0,016), DTC6 < 350 m (OR = 6,36, IC95%: 1,26-32,18; p = 0,025),e hipoxemia após o TC6 (OR = 32,66, IC95%: 3,26-326,84; p = 0,003). Os pacientes do tipo 3 tiveram uma relação VR/CPT maior, embora sem diferença significativa. CONCLUSÕES: A gravidade da DPOC parece ser maior nos pacientes do tipo 4, e os do tipo 3 tendem a apresentar maior hiperinsuflação. A distribuição do enfisema pode ter um impacto importante nos parâmetros funcionais e deve ser considerada na avaliação de pacientes com DPOC.


Subject(s)
Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Lung/physiopathology , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/physiopathology , Pulmonary Emphysema/physiopathology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Lung/pathology , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/diagnosis , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/pathology , Pulmonary Emphysema/diagnosis , Pulmonary Emphysema/pathology , Respiratory Function Tests , Severity of Illness Index , Tomography, X-Ray Computed
4.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 75(4): 225-228, Aug. 2015. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-841500

ABSTRACT

La combinación de fibrosis pulmonar y enfisema es un síndrome descripto en los últimos años que tiene características propias y no es la casual asociación de dos entidades. El componente de fibrosis más común corresponde a la fibrosis pulmonar idiopática. Sin embargo, otras enfermedades intersticiales pueden formar parte de este síndrome, entre ellas las asociadas a enfermedades del tejido conectivo. Se presenta un caso de este síndrome asociado a artritis reumatoidea con la particularidad que la misma se hizo evidente varios años después del síndrome combinado fibrosis pulmonar y enfisema, hecho muy poco comunicado en la literatura.


The combination of pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema is a syndrome described in the last years, which has its own characteristics and it is not only the casual association between the two entities. The idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is the most common type of pulmonary fibrosis. However other interstitial lung diseases could be part of this syndrome. Among them is the connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease. We report a case of this syndrome associated with rheumatoid arthritis. It has the peculiarity that the connective disease became overt several years after the presentation of combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema syndrome, which is infrequently reported in the literature.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Arthritis, Rheumatoid/complications , Pulmonary Emphysema/etiology , Pulmonary Fibrosis/etiology , Arthritis, Rheumatoid/diagnosis , Pulmonary Emphysema/diagnosis , Pulmonary Fibrosis/diagnosis , Syndrome
5.
Journal of Korean Medical Science ; : 1459-1465, 2015.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-184036

ABSTRACT

The prognostic role of resting pulmonary hyperinflation as measured by residual volume (RV)/total lung capacity (TLC) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains poorly understood. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the factors related to resting pulmonary hyperinflation in COPD and to determine whether resting pulmonary hyperinflation is a prognostic factor in COPD. In total, 353 patients with COPD in the Korean Obstructive Lung Disease cohort recruited from 16 hospitals were enrolled. Resting pulmonary hyperinflation was defined as RV/TLC > or = 40%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that older age (P = 0.001), lower forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) (P < 0.001), higher St. George Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) score (P = 0.019), and higher emphysema index (P = 0.010) were associated independently with resting hyperinflation. Multivariate Cox regression model that included age, gender, dyspnea scale, SGRQ, RV/TLC, and 6-min walking distance revealed that an older age (HR = 1.07, P = 0.027), a higher RV/TLC (HR = 1.04, P = 0.025), and a shorter 6-min walking distance (HR = 0.99, P < 0.001) were independent predictors of all-cause mortality. Our data showed that older age, higher emphysema index, higher SGRQ score, and lower FEV1 were associated independently with resting pulmonary hyperinflation in COPD. RV/TLC is an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality in COPD.


Subject(s)
Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Dyspnea/diagnosis , Exercise Test , Exercise Tolerance , Forced Expiratory Flow Rates/physiology , Forced Expiratory Volume , Lung/physiopathology , Prognosis , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/diagnosis , Pulmonary Emphysema/diagnosis , Republic of Korea , Residual Volume/physiology , Respiratory Function Tests , Surveys and Questionnaires , Total Lung Capacity/physiology , Vital Capacity , Walking/physiology
6.
Pulmäo RJ ; 23(1): 31-35, 2014. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-708179

ABSTRACT

A doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) é uma grande causa de morbidade e mortalidade. O enfisema pulmonar, uma das formas clínicas da DPOC, se caracteriza pelo desenvolvimento progressivo de aprisionamento aéreo, alterações da arquitetura alveolar e hiperinsuflação pulmonar. Sua história natural é a evolução para a doença pulmonar terminal e necessidade de transplante pulmonar. Entretanto, sabe-se que uma redução da hiperinsuflação pulmonar é capaz de reestabelecer algumas das propriedades mecânicas do sistema respiratório e assim melhorar os volumes e a função pulmonar destes pacientes, com melhora da qualidade de vida e sobrevida. Há pelo menos duas formas de tratamento invasivo,baseadas nestes princípios fisiopatológicos, disponíveis na prática clínica: a cirurgia redutora do volume pulmonar (CRVP) e a redução volumétrica endoscópica (REV). Desta forma, este artigo abordará os aspectos relacionados ao emprego da CRVP e da RVE, de modo a discutir as evidências que sustentam o uso destas técnicas no tratamento do enfisema pulmonar avançado, bem como duas limitações.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Pulmonary Emphysema/diagnosis , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive , Pneumonectomy/methods , Quality of Life
8.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-147346

ABSTRACT

A 58-year-old male presented with symptoms of progressive dyspnoea on exertion and predominantly dry cough of six months duration. He was a cigarette smoker with a smoking index of 10 pack years. He had no history of fever, exposure to dusts or drug therapy. There was no history of similar illness in the family members or any symptoms suggestive of connective tissue disease (CTD). On physical examination, clubbing was observed and there were bibasilar fine endinspiratory crackles on auscultation. Oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry showed significant exercise desaturation from 94% to 77%.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Pulmonary Emphysema/diagnosis , Pulmonary Emphysema/diagnostic imaging , Pulmonary Fibrosis/diagnosis , Pulmonary Fibrosis/diagnostic imaging , Radiography, Thoracic , Tomography, X-Ray Computed
10.
Pulmäo RJ ; 22(2): 76-82, 2013. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-704339

ABSTRACT

O objetivo desta revisão foi apresentar uma atualização das alternativas endoscópicas utilizadas no tratamento do enfisema pulmonar. Os mecanismos bloqueadores de fluxo (válvulas) permanecem como os únicos dispositivos aprovados para uso clínico no tratamento do enfisema pulmonar na América do Sul. A válvula endobrônquica Zephyr® representa o método broncoscópico para o tratamento do enfisema mais bem estudado até o momento, e seu uso clínico está autorizado em diversos países da Europa, Ásia e América do Sul. A válvula IBV® obteve aprovação para uso no tratamento de fuga aérea prolongada nos EUA. Os critérios mais frequentemente analisados na indicação de tratamento endoscópico, além dos aspectos clínicos, incluem o aprisionamento dinâmico, a heterogeneidade e a ventilação colateral, em especial, a passagem de ar através das cissuras interlobares. Atualmente, há softwares que permitem a medida precisa da heterogeneidade e da integridade da cissura.Os resultados obtidos em diversas séries de casos e alguns ensaios randomizados têm trazido nova luz ao entendimento da fisiopatologia dessa doença. No entanto, ainda há necessidade de mais estudos randomizados utilizando o conhecimento adquirido até o momento


The objective of this review is to present an update on endoscopic alternatives for the treatment of emphysema.One-way endobronchial valves continue to be the only devices approved for clinical use in the treatment of emphysema inSouth America. The use of the Zephyr® endobronchial valve is currently the most widely studied bronchoscopic method fortreatment of emphysema and has been approved for clinical use in several countries in Europe, Asia, and South America. Another valve, the IBV® valve, has been approved for use in the treatment of persistent air leaks in the United States. In additionto clinical features, the criteria most often analyzed for indicating endoscopic treatment are dynamic hyperinflation, heterogeneity, and collateral ventilation, especially the passage of air through the interlobar fissures. Currently, there is softwarecapable of accurately measuring heterogeneity and fissure integrity.The results obtained in various case series and certain randomized trials have shed new light on the pathophysiology of emphysema. However, additional randomized trials using the knowledge gained thus far are warranted in order to furtherevaluate this procedure


Subject(s)
Humans , Endoscopy/methods , Pulmonary Emphysema/diagnosis , Pulmonary Emphysema/therapy , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
11.
Pulmäo RJ ; 22(2): 45-49, 2013. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-704345

ABSTRACT

O conhecimento da DPOC ganhou extrema relevância na sociedade moderna, visto que essa é a quarta causa de morte nos EUA, afetando 14 milhões de pessoas. No Brasil, a DPOC é a quinta maior causa de internação de adultos no sistema público de saúde, com cerca de 200.000 internações ao ano. Achados de imagem classicamente são manifestações tardias na história natural dessa doença e nem sempre se associam a alterações funcionais. Porém, os avanços na área de TCAR tornaram-na o método de escolha para a quantificação in vivo do enfisema, sendo mais sensível que a espirometria para esse fim. Além disso, os métodos de imagem são capazes de auxiliar o diagnóstico das principais complicações associadas à DPOC, sendo uma arma fundamental para o clínico no manejo desses pacientes.Devido à alta prevalência e gravidade da doença, o diagnóstico precoce e a adequada avaliação das complicações associadas são fundamentais para o estabelecimento da terapêutica apropriada e consequente melhoria da qualidade de vida dospacientes


Knowledge of COPD has become extremely relevant in modern society because COPD is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States, affecting 14 million people. In Brazil, COPD is the fifth leading cause of hospitalization of adults within thepublic health care system, accounting for approximately 200,000 hospitalizations per year.Imaging findings are classically observed late in the natural history of COPD and do not always correlate with functional changes. However, advances in HRCT techniques have made it more sensitive than is spirometry for quantifying emphysema and therefore the method of choice for that purpose. In addition, imaging studies can facilitate the diagnosis of majorcomplications associated with COPD, making them a fundamental tool for clinicians who are involved in the management of patients with COPD.Due to the high prevalence and severity of COPD, the early diagnosis and proper evaluation of associated complications are fundamental to establishing the appropriate therapy and consequently improving patient quality of life.


Subject(s)
Humans , Pulmonary Emphysema/diagnosis , Pulmonary Emphysema , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive , Diagnostic Imaging
12.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-142901

ABSTRACT

Background. Diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is confirmed on spirometry but the diagnosis of emphysema remains problematic. The objective of this study was to evaluate the utility of chest radiograph (CXR) and computed tomography (CT) for the diagnosis of emphysema and to correlate these findings with pulmonary function tests (PFTs). Methods. Thirty-five patients with COPD were studied. In all of them, CXR, CT and PFTs were done; three patients had bronchiectasis on CT and were excluded from the study. Chest radiographs (CXRs) were scored for signs of hyperinflation. Lung densities were measured on CT. Results. Functional indices of hyperinflation, i.e. functional residual capacity (FRC), residual volume (RV) and RV/total lung capacity (TLC) had significant correlation with CXR scores. The mean retrosternal space (RSP) measurement was 2.63±0.6 cm (range 1.2 to 3.6cm). Mean lung density (MLD) was -867.91 Hounsfield units (HU) which significantly correlated with functional indices of hyperinflation (FRC, RV, TLC, RV/TLC). Conclusions. In Indian population hyperinflation was found to occur even with lesser values of RSP than the western criteria. CT lung density gives good radiological evidence of emphysema and correlates with lung function abnormalities.


Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , India , Male , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/diagnosis , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/diagnostic imaging , Pulmonary Emphysema/diagnosis , Respiratory Function Tests/methods , Lung Volume Measurements/methods , Spirometry , Tomography, X-Ray Computed
13.
J. bras. pneumol ; 37(2): 259-271, mar.-abr. 2011. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-583927

ABSTRACT

As malformações congênitas do pulmão são raras e variam muito na sua forma de apresentação clínica e gravidade, dependendo principalmente do grau de envolvimento pulmonar e de sua localização na cavidade torácica. Elas podem se manifestar em qualquer idade e podem ser fonte de importante morbidade e mortalidade em lactentes e crianças. Os indivíduos com malformações congênitas do pulmão podem apresentar sintomas respiratórios ao nascimento, enquanto outros podem permanecer assintomáticos por longos períodos. Atualmente, com o uso rotineiro da ultrassonografia pré-natal, vem ocorrendo um aumento no diagnóstico mais precoce dessas malformações. A manifestação clínica dessas malformações varia desde uma disfunção respiratória pós-natal imediata a um achado acidental na radiografia de tórax. O diagnóstico precoce e o tratamento imediato oferecem a possibilidade de um desenvolvimento pulmonar absolutamente normal. Quando assintomáticos, a conduta para o tratamento dos pacientes com malformações pulmonares ainda é controversa, uma vez que o prognóstico dessas afecções é imprevisível. O manejo dessas lesões depende do tipo de malformação e de sintomas. Devido ao risco de complicação, a maioria dos autores sugere a ressecção da lesão no momento em que essa é identificada. A lobectomia é o procedimento de escolha, fornecendo excelentes resultados a longo prazo. Este artigo descreve as principais malformações pulmonares congênitas, seu diagnóstico e controvérsias quanto o tratamento.


Congenital lung malformations are rare and vary widely in their clinical presentation and severity, depending mostly on the degree of lung involvement and their location in the thoracic cavity. They can manifest at any age and can be the source of significant morbidity and mortality in infants and children. Individuals with congenital lung malformations can present with respiratory symptoms at birth or can remain asymptomatic for long periods. Recently, there has been an increase in the early diagnosis of these malformations, a change that is attributable to the routine use of prenatal ultrasound. The clinical manifestation of these malformations varies from respiratory distress in the immediate postnatal period to an incidental finding on chest X-rays. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment offer the possibility of absolutely normal lung development. The treatment of asymptomatic patients with lung malformations is controversial, because the prognosis of these diseases is unpredictable. The management of these lesions depends on the type of malformation and symptoms. Because of the risk of complications, most authors recommend resection of the lesion at the time of diagnosis. Lobectomy is the procedure of choice and yields excellent long-term results. This article describes the principal congenital lung malformations, their diagnosis, and the controversies regarding treatment.


Subject(s)
Child , Humans , Infant , Lung Diseases/diagnosis , Lung/abnormalities , Arteriovenous Malformations/diagnosis , Bronchopulmonary Sequestration/diagnosis , Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation of Lung, Congenital/diagnosis , Early Diagnosis , Lung Diseases/congenital , Lung/blood supply , Pulmonary Emphysema/congenital , Pulmonary Emphysema/diagnosis
14.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-138651

ABSTRACT

Emphysematous bullae are closed air containing spaces in lung parenchyma that may severely compromise lung function in patients of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We describe a simple and minimally invasive procedure to decompress a large emphysematous bullae in a patient with advanced COPD and high surgical risk. Transthoracic decompression of the bulla was accomplished under short-acting anaesthesia and muscle relaxation resulting in significant symptomatic, radiological and functional improvement.


Subject(s)
Decompression, Surgical , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Pulmonary Emphysema/diagnosis , Pulmonary Emphysema/etiology , Pulmonary Emphysema/surgery , Thorax
15.
Pulmäo RJ ; 20(2): 2-7, 2011. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-607336

ABSTRACT

O objetivo do presente estudo foi apresentar as alternativas endoscópicas para o tratamento do enfisema pulmonar. Os tratamentos incluem o remodelamento com cola biológica e vapor, mecanismos bloqueadores do fluxo aéreo (válvulas) e mecanismos não bloqueadores (coils). A principal diferença entre o remodelamento e os dispositivos (bloqueadores ou não) é que o remodelamento é definitivo, enquanto válvulas e coils podem ser retirados e substituídos. Até o momento, somente válvulas foram aprovadas para uso clínico na América do Sul. Os fatores mais significativos para selecionar pacientes para os diversos tratamentos não cirúrgicos, além dos aspectos clínicos, são o aprisionamento dinâmico, a heterogeneidade e a ventilação colateral. A broncoscopia virtual tem um papel importante no planejamento do tratamento endoscópico do enfisema, diminuindo o tempo do procedimento. Tendo em vista as dúvidas que permanecem acerca dos mecanismos fisiopatológicos de melhora dos pacientes e dos critérios de seleção dos mesmos, é fundamental estabelecer protocolos para o emprego dessas técnicas. Também são necessárias meta-análises para interpretar os resultados já descritos na literatura, assim como estudos randomizados de grande porte que levem em conta os conhecimentos adquiridos até o momento.


The objective of this review is to present endoscopic alternatives for the treatment of emphysema. Treatments include tissue remodeling with biological glue or thermal vapor; airflow blocking mechanisms (valves); and nonblockingmechanisms (coils). The main difference between the remodeling technique and the use of (blocking or non-blocking)devices is that remodeling is definitive, whereas valves and coils can be removed and replaced. In South America, only valve implants have been approved for clinical use. In addition to clinical features, the major criteria for selecting patients for nonsurgical treatment are dynamic hyperinflation, heterogeneity, and collateral ventilation. Virtual bronchoscopy, which reduces the procedure time, plays an important role in the planning of endoscopic treatment for emphysema. Questions remain regarding patient selection criteria and the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to improvement. It is therefore essential to establish guidelines for the use of this technology. Meta-analyses interpreting the results described inthe literature, as well as large randomized trials of the various techniques, should also be conducted to further evaluate this procedure.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Bronchoscopy , Endoscopy , Pulmonary Emphysema/diagnosis , Lung Diseases , Equipment and Supplies , Risk Factors
16.
Neumol. pediátr ; 6(3): 138-142, 2011. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-708218

ABSTRACT

Congenital lobar emphysema (CLE) is a rare congenital lung anomaly. Clinical presentation varies from acute neonatal respiratory failure to recurrent episodes of tachypnea or infections. Chest x-ray is often enough to make the diagnosis in newborn, but a normal chest x-ray does not exclude the diagnosis and a CT scan must be done when there is a lung malformation suspect. The better antenatal ultrasound diagnosis has led to detection CLE in asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic infants, and involution of CLE has been demonstrated in some cases. Lobectomy is the treatment of choice for very symptomatic children, but could be expectant in the less symptomatic ones.


El enfisema lobar congénito (ELC), es una malformación pulmonar poco frecuente. Su presentación clínica varía desde la falla respiratoria en el recién nacido (RN) hasta episodios recurrentes de taquipnea o infecciones. La radiografía de tórax, muchas veces es suficiente para realizar el diagnóstico en el RN, pero ante una radiografía normal se debe realizar TAC de tórax si se sospecha malformación pulmonar. El aumento del diagnóstico por ecografía prenatal ha llevado a la pesquisa del ELC en lactantes asintomáticos o levemente sintomáticos, algunos de los cuales se ha demostrado involución de la malformación. El tratamiento de elección en niños francamente sintomáticos es la lobectomía, pudiendo ser conservador en el resto de los pacientes.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Pulmonary Emphysema/congenital , Pulmonary Emphysema/diagnosis , Bronchoscopy , Diagnosis, Differential , Pulmonary Emphysema/classification , Pulmonary Emphysema/therapy , Radiography, Thoracic , Radionuclide Imaging , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Ultrasonography, Prenatal , Ventilation-Perfusion Ratio
17.
The Korean Journal of Laboratory Medicine ; : 294-297, 2011.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-19301

ABSTRACT

Alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency is a genetic disorder that primarily affects the lungs and liver. While AAT deficiency is one of the most common genetic disorders in the Caucasian population, it is extremely rare in Asians. Here, we report the case of a 36-year-old Korean woman with AAT deficiency who visited the emergency department of our hospital for the treatment of progressive dyspnea that had begun 10 years ago. She had never smoked. Chest computed tomography revealed panlobular emphysema in both lungs, which suggested AAT deficiency. The serum AAT level was 33 mg/dL (reference interval: 90-200 mg/dL). Four exons of the SERPINA1 gene, which is responsible for AAT deficiency, and their flanking regions were analyzed by PCR-direct sequencing. The patient was found to have 1 missense mutation (c.230C>T, p.Ser77Phe; Siiyama) and 1 frameshift mutation (c.1158dupC, p.Glu387ArgfsX14; QOclayton). This is the first Korean case of AAT deficiency confirmed by genetic analysis and the second case of a compound heterozygote of Siiyama and QOclayton, the first case of which was reported from Japan.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Asian People/genetics , Base Sequence , Exons , Frameshift Mutation , Heterozygote , Mutation, Missense , Pedigree , Pulmonary Emphysema/diagnosis , Republic of Korea , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , alpha 1-Antitrypsin/genetics , alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency/diagnosis
18.
Rev. bras. eng. biomed ; 26(3): 195-208, dez. 2010. ilus, graf, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-595060

ABSTRACT

A tomografia computadorizada de alta resolução (TCAR) é o exame de escolha na avaliação diagnóstica de afecções do parênquima pulmonar. Neste particular, há um interesse crescente por sistemas computacionais capazes de analisar automaticamente a densidade radiológica dos pulmões. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar um sistema automático para quantificação e visualização do grau de aeração pulmonar (SAIP), em imagens de TCAR de pulmões com diferentes graus de alterações da aeração pulmonar. Como objetivo secundário comparar o SAIP ao sistema Osiris e a um algoritmo específico de segmentação pul­monar (SP), quanto à acurácia na segmentação do parênquima pulmonar. O SAIP disponibiliza atributos quantitativos extraídos automaticamente, tais como perímetro, área e volume da secção pulmonar, bem como o histograma de faixa de densidades ra­diológicas e acumulado, densidade pulmonar média (Dpm) em unidades Hounsfield (UH), área relativa dos voxels com densi­dade menor que –950 UH (RA950) e os valores de 15° percentil de baixa atenuação (PERC15). Além disso, é capaz de processar imagens por meio de uma ferramenta de máscara colorida, que aplica pseudo­cores no parênquima pulmonar, conforme faixas de densidade radiológicas pré­determinadas. Os resultados da segmentação pulmonar são comparados para um conjunto de 102 imagens de 8 voluntários saudáveis e 141 imagens de 11 pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC). Quanto à segmentação, o SAIP se apresenta mais efetivo do que os outros dois métodos. O SAIP constitui uma ferramenta pro­missora no auxílio ao diagnóstico de enfisema em pacientes com DPOC, com grande potencial de aplicação nesta área e em outras doenças pulmonares.


High Resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT) is the exam of choice for the diagnostic evaluation of lung parenchyma diseases. There is an increasing interest for computational systems able to automatically analyze the radiological densities of the lungs in CT images. The main objective of this study is to present a system for the automatic quantification and visualization of the lung aeration in HRCT images of different degrees of aeration, called Lung Image System Analysis (LISA). The secondary objective is to compare LISA to the Osiris system and also to specific algorithm lung segmentation (ALS), on the accuracy of the lungs segmentation. The LISA system automatically extracts the following image attributes: lungs perimeter, cross sectional area, volume, the radiological densities histograms, the mean lung density (MLD) in Hounsfield units (HU), the relative area of the lungs with voxels with density values lower than –950 HU (RA950) and the 15th percentile of the least density voxels (PERC15). Furthermore, LISA has a colored mask algorithm that applies pseudo-colors to the lung parenchyma according to the pre-defined radiological density chosen by the system user. The lungs segmentations of 102 images of 8 healthy volunteers and 141 images of 11 patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) were compared on the accuracy and concordance among the three methods. The LISA was more effective on lungs segmentation than the other two methods. LISA’s color mask tool improves the spatial visualization of the degrees of lung aeration and the various attributes of the image that can be extracted may help physicians and researchers to better assess lung aeration both quantitatively and qualitatively. LISA may have important clinical and research applications on the assessment of global and regional lung aeration and therefore deserves further developments and validation studies.


Subject(s)
Pulmonary Emphysema/diagnosis , Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted/instrumentation , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/instrumentation , Image Enhancement/instrumentation
19.
Radiol. bras ; 43(4): 260-265, jul.-ago. 2010. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-557981

ABSTRACT

Para garantir a confiabilidade dos dados de quantificação computadorizada do enfisema pulmonar (densitovolumetria pulmonar) na tomografia computadorizada, alguns aspectos técnicos devem ser considerados. A alteração das densidades na tomografia computadorizada com as mudanças no nível de inspiração e expiração do pulmão, com a espessura de corte da tomografia computadorizada, com o algoritmo de reconstrução e com o tipo de tomógrafo dificulta as comparações tomográficas nos estudos de acompanhamento do enfisema pulmonar. No entanto, a densitovolumetria pulmonar substituiu a avaliação visual e compete com as provas de função pulmonar como método para medir o enfisema pulmonar. Esta revisão discute as variáveis técnicas que alteram a aferição do enfisema na tomografia computadorizada e sua influência nas medições de enfisema.


Some technical aspects should be taken into consideration in order to guarantee the reliability of the assessment of pulmonary emphysema with lung computed tomography densitometry. Changes in lung density associated with variations in lungs inspiratory and expiratory levels, computed tomography slice thickness, reconstruction algorithm and type of computed tomography apparatus make tomographic comparisons more difficult in follow up studies of pulmonary emphysema. Nevertheless, quantitative computed tomography has replaced the visual assessment competing with pulmonary function tests as a sensitive method to measure pulmonary emphysema. The present review discusses technical variables of lung computed tomography and their influence on measurements of pulmonary emphysema.


Subject(s)
Humans , Pulmonary Emphysema/diagnosis , Pulmonary Emphysema , Tomography Scanners, X-Ray Computed , Pulmonary Emphysema/pathology , Reproducibility of Results , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods
20.
Ann Card Anaesth ; 2010 Jan; 13(1): 53-58
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-139494

ABSTRACT

Congenital lobar emphysema is a rare entity presenting in the first month of life. It appears with varying degrees of respiratory distress, clinical and radiological evidence of over-aeration of the upper and middle lobes, mediastinal shift and hypoxia. Its early recognition and surgical intervention can be life-saving. Even today, despite advanced diagnostic techniques, pitfalls in diagnosis and management are not uncommon and the condition may be mistaken for pneumothorax or pneumonia. This report elucidates the anesthetic management of three such cases with a review of literature.


Subject(s)
Anesthesia/methods , Humans , Infant , Male , Pulmonary Emphysema/congenital , Pulmonary Emphysema/diagnosis , Pulmonary Emphysema/surgery
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